EUPD / Borderline Personality Disorder

Yes — EUPD (Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder) and BPD (Borderline Personality Disorder) refer to the same condition. The difference is purely in which classification system is used. ICD-10 (F60.31), used by the NHS and most UK/European services, calls it Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder — borderline type. The DSM-5, used in the United States, calls it Borderline Personality Disorder.

In practice, NHS clinicians and many UK psychiatrists use both terms interchangeably, though official documentation will use EUPD as the ICD-10 primary name. The condition was first recognised in ICD-10 in 1992 as a borderline subtype of EUPD (F60.31), with the impulsive type (F60.30) forming the other subtype.

Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD), previously known as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), is a complex mental health condition that affects how a person thinks, feels, and interacts with others. It is classified under ICD-10 F60.31 as a personality disorder — specifically defined as a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotional regulation, coupled with marked impulsivity.

EUPD is one of ten recognised personality disorders in ICD-10. It is characterised by a persistent, pervasive pattern across multiple areas of life — not just occasional emotional reactions — and typically emerges in adolescence or early adulthood.

No. EUPD/BPD is a personality disorder, not a psychotic disorder. When the BPD diagnosis entered ICD-10 in 1992 as a borderline subtype of EUPD (F60.31), psychotic symptoms were not included among the diagnostic criteria.

However, some people with EUPD do experience transient stress-related psychotic symptoms — such as brief paranoid ideation, dissociation, or quasi-psychotic episodes — particularly during periods of intense emotional distress. These are typically brief and do not constitute a separate psychotic disorder. Patient.info notes that "at times they may appear psychotic because of the intensity of their distortions."

EUPD and PTSD (ICD-10 F43.1) share numerous clinical features, including major disturbances in emotional regulation, impulse control, reality testing, interpersonal relationships, self-evaluation, and sense of identity. This clinical overlap can make differential diagnosis challenging.

Both conditions frequently co-occur and share a strong association with early trauma. The key distinctions are: PTSD requires a specific traumatic stressor and features re-experiencing symptoms (flashbacks, nightmares), while EUPD centres on a pervasive personality pattern of identity instability and fear of abandonment. ICD-11 has introduced Complex PTSD (6B41) as a distinct diagnosis — often relevant where prolonged developmental trauma underlies what may look like EUPD.

While EUPD and bipolar disorder share symptoms — notably mood instability — there are key differences. The mood swings of EUPD are abrupt and often occur without warning; they can last minutes or hours and are typically triggered by interpersonal events (perceived rejection, abandonment). Bipolar mood episodes (ICD-10 F31) last days to months and are not necessarily triggered by external events.

EUPD also features identity disturbance and a chronic, pervasive pattern of unstable relationships, which are not core features of bipolar disorder. In EUPD, the intense emotional states are reactional; in bipolar mania, they arise endogenously. Both diagnoses can co-exist, and careful longitudinal assessment is required to distinguish them.

Dissociation is very common in EUPD, though EUPD is not classified as a dissociative disorder. Research shows that up to 80% of BPD/EUPD patients experience dissociative symptoms. Pathological dissociation has been linked to poor functional outcomes in this group. Despite its prevalence, dissociation receives relatively little emphasis in psychiatric training and clinical practice for EUPD.

Dissociative experiences in EUPD may include feelings of depersonalisation (feeling detached from one's body or mind), derealisation (the world feeling unreal), or transient dissociative states during emotional crises. These often occur in response to overwhelming stress or trauma reminders.

Symptoms of EUPD vary from person to person, but commonly include:

• Intense and rapidly changing moods
• Impulsive behaviours (spending, risk-taking, substance use)
• Strong fear of abandonment, even when not threatened
• Feelings of emptiness, hopelessness, or low self-worth
• Anger or irritability that feels disproportionate
• Anxiety or paranoia in social situations
• Rapidly shifting views of other people (idealisation to devaluation)
• Unstable or intense relationships

These symptoms typically first emerge in adolescence or early adulthood and are pervasive — present across multiple areas of life — rather than being situational.

Common signs of a BPD/EUPD episode include:

• Intense mood swings that shift quickly — sometimes within minutes or hours
• Fear of rejection or abandonment, triggered even by small cues
• Impulsive behaviour or difficulty calming down
• Feelings of emptiness, dissociation, or disconnection

Episodes are often triggered by interpersonal stress — a perceived slight, a delayed text, or a change in plans. Unlike bipolar episodes, they tend to resolve more quickly but can be extremely distressing in the moment. Outside of episodes, the person may appear to function well, which can make the disorder harder for others to recognise.

People with EUPD often experience intense mood swings and uncertainty about how they see themselves. Their interests, values, and feelings can change quickly. They also tend to view things in extremes — all good or all bad (known as "splitting"). Other characteristic experiences include:

• Persistent identity confusion or unstable self-image
• Chronic feelings of emptiness
• Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
• A pattern of intense, unstable relationships
• Recurrent self-harming behaviour or suicidal ideation
• Transient stress-related paranoid ideation

These are the ICD-10 F60.31 criteria — a person typically meets at least five to receive a diagnosis.

EUPD is diagnosed when a person experiences intense emotional pain, rapid changes in mood, unstable relationships, impulsive behaviour, and a fragile or shifting sense of self. Some people know this same pattern as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD).

Clinically, EUPD shares features with mood disorders (like bipolar — F31), trauma-related disorders (PTSD — F43.1), and dissociative disorders, which can make it one of the more challenging conditions to diagnose accurately. Co-morbidities with depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance use are common.

Beyond the well-known symptoms, people with EUPD may also experience:

• Eating disorder-like behaviours — restrictive eating, bingeing, or purging as emotional regulation strategies
• Mimicry of other mood disorders — symptoms that look like depression, anxiety, or bipolar on the surface
• Manic-like behaviours during impulsive phases — elevated energy, reduced sleep need, spending sprees
• Substance abuse and addiction — used as a coping mechanism for emotional dysregulation
• Panic attack-like symptoms — physical symptoms of anxiety during emotional crises

These presentations often lead to misdiagnosis or missed diagnosis, as each symptom may be treated in isolation without identifying the underlying EUPD pattern.

The NHS describes a strong impulse to engage in reckless and irresponsible activities in EUPD, including:

• Binge drinking or drug misuse
• Going on a spending or gambling spree
• Having unprotected sex with strangers
• Self-harming or making suicidal threats
• Sudden anger outbursts or threats

These impulsive behaviours are not simply "bad choices" — they typically arise during episodes of intense emotional distress as a way to regulate overwhelming feelings. They are a core feature of EUPD (ICD-10 F60.31) and an important part of psychoeducation for both patients and those who care for them.

"Quiet BPD" is an informal term (not a separate ICD-10 diagnosis) for people with EUPD whose distress is directed inward rather than outward. Key signs include:

• Chronic self-criticism — persistent feelings of worthlessness and self-doubt
• Shame and guilt — overwhelming internalized blame, even for minor mistakes
• Fear of abandonment — deep anxiety about being left or rejected, but fear of expressing these feelings
• Internalised rage — anger turned on themselves rather than others
• People-pleasing — suppressing needs to avoid conflict or rejection

Because the dysregulation is less visible, quiet EUPD is often missed or misdiagnosed as depression or anxiety.

The Ella Rose Fund describes the internal experience of EUPD powerfully: emotions such as the feeling of self-loathing that makes someone binge then starve or take laxatives in a self-destructive cycle; the feeling that makes them unable to shower or change clothes for days because they would have to look at themselves; the feeling that makes them hurt and push away the ones they love through self-protective behaviours rooted in fear.

Many with EUPD describe a constant state of emotional pain with no "off switch," an inability to regulate feelings that others seem to handle with ease, and a deep sense that something is fundamentally wrong with who they are — not just what they do.

No. "Split personality" is a popular but inaccurate term for Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) — a separate condition. EUPD does involve "splitting," but this is a completely different phenomenon. Splitting means dividing — it causes a person to view everything and everyone in black-and-white, all-or-nothing terms.

Someone with EUPD may see a person as completely wonderful one day and completely terrible the next, based on a single action. The Priory describes it as an inability to hold simultaneously the idea that a person — or oneself — can be both good and bad. Splitting is a core defence mechanism in EUPD and one of the most disruptive to relationships.

In the context of EUPD, splitting often leads to rapidly shifting perceptions of others and oneself. A person with EUPD may idealise someone one moment — believing they are perfect and can do no wrong — and then suddenly devalue them, seeing them as entirely flawed or evil.

This pattern is not manipulative by intent. It is a cognitive and emotional defence mechanism rooted in early attachment difficulties. The shift can be triggered by a perceived slight, a cancelled plan, or a moment of inattention. Partners and family members often describe the experience as walking on eggshells, unsure of which version of the relationship they will encounter from day to day.

Yes. Anxiety can trigger paranoid thoughts through documented psychological mechanisms including stress response, threat anticipation, and excessive worry. In EUPD, these experiences are heightened by the already sensitised emotional regulation system. Transient paranoid ideation under stress is one of the ICD-10 F60.31 diagnostic criteria.

Research shows that evidence-based therapeutic interventions effectively address both anxiety and paranoia symptoms in EUPD when treated by licensed mental health professionals. DBT (Dialectical Behaviour Therapy), MBT (Mentalisation-Based Therapy), and CBT with trauma components are most commonly used.

EUPD is often a long-term condition, though research consistently shows that many people's symptoms improve significantly with age and appropriate treatment. IBC Healthcare notes that "the long-term effects of anxiety and internalised emotion without the right support can lead to paranoia and psychosis." Perhaps most concerning is that EUPD is often not diagnosed until symptoms are at their peak.

Verywell Mind reports that middle-aged adults with BPD are more likely to exhibit chronic emptiness and social impairment but are less likely to have impulsivity, engage in self-harm, or have rapid mood shifts compared to younger adults. Early intervention and sustained therapeutic support significantly alter this trajectory.

ICD-10 F60.31 (EUPD, borderline type) requires the general criteria for personality disorder (F60) plus at least three of the following, with at least one from items 2–5:

• Markedly unstable or capricious mood
• Intense and unstable relationships, with alternating idealisation and devaluation
• Emotional instability and impulsivity
• Recurrent threats or acts of self-harm
• Chronic feelings of emptiness
• Frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
• Difficulty controlling anger
• Transient stress-related paranoid ideation or dissociation
• Identity disturbance — unstable self-image or sense of self

Note: these criteria overlap with the DSM-5's 9 BPD criteria but are not identical. ICD-10 is the reference classification used by NHS and UK clinical services.

No single cause explains EUPD. Research points to a biopsychosocial model — a combination of:

• Early trauma and abuse — childhood physical, emotional, or sexual abuse is strongly associated; studies suggest 70–80% of people with EUPD report childhood trauma
• Invalidating environments — growing up in a household where emotions were dismissed, punished, or ignored (Marsha Linehan's biosocial theory)
• Attachment difficulties — disrupted or insecure attachment in early childhood affects emotional regulation development
• Genetic factors — twin studies suggest moderate heritability; emotional sensitivity may have a biological basis
• Neurobiological factors — altered activity in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and serotonin system are implicated

No single factor is deterministic — most people with EUPD have experienced a combination of biological vulnerability and adverse life experiences.

Clinicians can be reluctant to make a diagnosis of EUPD/BPD. One reason is that BPD is a complex syndrome with symptoms that overlap many other disorders — including depression, bipolar disorder, and psychosis. PMC research notes that this overlap makes it easy to diagnose the presenting symptom rather than the underlying personality disorder.

There are also stigma concerns — some clinicians worry that a BPD/EUPD label will be used pejoratively. Additionally, some patients with EUPD have had negative experiences in emergency or acute settings, which can strain the therapeutic relationship and make clinicians more cautious. Ideally, diagnosis is a collaborative process that empowers rather than labels the person.

Both are documented problems. Research published in PMC found that participants felt their initial presentations centring around suicide or self-harm biased clinicians' diagnostic reasoning — leading directly to misdiagnosis with BPD/EUPD when the actual underlying condition (such as autism) was missed.

Conversely, true EUPD is frequently misdiagnosed as depression, bipolar disorder, PTSD, ADHD, or anxiety disorders — each of which may share individual symptoms. A thorough longitudinal assessment exploring early developmental history, attachment patterns, and the pervasive nature of symptoms is essential for accurate diagnosis.

Yes. Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD), also known as Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), is one of the ten recognised personality disorders in ICD-10. This type of personality disorder is characterised by unpredictable thinking and behaviour and can be difficult to manage without specialist therapeutic support.

Diagnosis is made clinically — there is no blood test or brain scan. The NHS uses EUPD (F60.31) as the primary diagnostic term. While ICD-11 has updated the classification framework for personality disorders (moving to a dimensional model), EUPD/BPD remains a recognisable clinical entity that services continue to treat.

A clinical study from Johns Hopkins University found evidence that individuals who develop EUPD frequently have a special talent or gift — specifically a potential to be unusually perceptive about the feelings of others. This heightened emotional sensitivity, while painful in its dysregulated form, can also manifest as empathy, creativity, and deep interpersonal attunement.

Psychology Today cites research indicating EUPD is linked to above-average intelligence (IQ > 130) and exceptional artistic talent in some individuals. Many people with EUPD describe being able to "read the room" with uncanny accuracy — a skill that comes from a lifetime of hypervigilance to interpersonal cues.

EUPD is diagnosed through a comprehensive clinical assessment, usually conducted by a psychiatrist or specialist psychologist. During an appointment, they may ask about your symptoms, how long they have been present, and the impact on your quality of life — including relationships, work, and emotional functioning.

There is no single test. Diagnosis requires that the symptoms are pervasive (across multiple life areas), persistent (not just during specific episodes), and cause significant distress or impairment. In the UK, GPs can refer to Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) for specialist assessment. Some areas have specialist personality disorder services. If you feel your concerns have been dismissed, you can request a second opinion.

Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) is the gold-standard NICE-recommended psychological treatment for EUPD/BPD in the UK. Developed by Marsha Linehan (who herself has EUPD), DBT combines cognitive-behavioural techniques with acceptance-based strategies and mindfulness. It specifically targets the four core skill areas: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness.

Other evidence-based therapies include:

• MBT (Mentalisation-Based Therapy) — helps develop the ability to understand one's own and others' mental states
• Schema Therapy — addresses deep-rooted maladaptive patterns from early experience
• Transference-Focused Psychotherapy (TFP) — psychodynamic approach targeting identity diffusion

NICE guidelines do not recommend long-term antipsychotic or antidepressant medication as a primary treatment for EUPD, though medication may be used for specific co-morbid symptoms.

According to the Mayo Clinic, borderline personality disorder/EUPD is mainly treated using psychotherapy — also known as talk therapy. Medication may be added for specific symptoms, and a hospital stay may be recommended if safety is at risk. Treatment helps individuals learn skills to manage and cope with their condition.

The goals of treatment include improving emotional regulation, reducing impulsivity, building stable relationships, and developing a more consistent sense of self. With the right therapeutic support, many people with EUPD achieve significant and lasting improvement — and some go on to full remission of symptoms.

There is no single "happy pill" for EUPD — NICE guidelines do not recommend medication as a primary treatment. However, doctors may prescribe medication to target specific co-morbid symptoms:

• SSRIs — Fluoxetine (Prozac), Fluvoxamine (Luvox), Paroxetine (Paxil) — for co-occurring depression or anxiety
• Mood stabilisers/anticonvulsants — Lamotrigine, valproate — for emotional instability or impulsivity
• Low-dose antipsychotics — sometimes used short-term for paranoia, dissociation, or cognitive disturbances

Medication alone is not effective for EUPD — it should always be combined with psychological therapy. Over-reliance on medication without therapeutic work is a known limitation of crisis-focused care for EUPD.

Yes. Research consistently shows that recovery is possible. Alter Behavioral Health states plainly: "yes, people with BPD can live a normal life. It just takes time, care, and heart." "Normal" may look different, but it can still feel meaningful and fulfilling.

Longitudinal studies show that many people with EUPD achieve symptomatic remission — often within 2–4 years of appropriate treatment. The key factors associated with better outcomes include early intervention, sustained therapeutic engagement, stable social support, and treatment of co-morbidities. Many go on to successful careers, relationships, and family lives.

Living with EUPD isn't easy, but it is absolutely possible to build a stable, fulfilling life. Green Mountain Counseling writes: "The key is finding treatment that understands BPD as a treatable condition rather than a permanent limitation, and developing skills that help you work with your emotional intensity rather than being controlled by it."

Marsha Linehan — the creator of DBT and a person with EUPD herself — is a powerful example. Many others have found that with the right support, their emotional intensity becomes a source of strength rather than suffering. The lived experience community consistently emphasises hope alongside honest acknowledgement of the challenges.

Several public figures have confirmed diagnoses or publicly discussed BPD/EUPD and related treatment. Confirmed: Pete Davidson (comedian), Brandon Marshall (NFL player), Marsha Linehan (psychologist who created DBT), Doug Ferrari, and Darrell Hammond.

Others who have publicly discussed DBT treatment or related mental health struggles include Selena Gomez, Demi Lovato, and Angelina Jolie. Historical figures sometimes associated with EUPD include Princess Diana, Marilyn Monroe, and Vincent van Gogh. These individuals illustrate that EUPD does not preclude significant achievement, creativity, or public contribution.

People with EUPD tend to have major difficulties with relationships, especially those closest to them. HelpGuide describes how wild mood swings, angry outbursts, chronic abandonment fears, and impulsive and irrational behaviours can leave loved ones feeling helpless, off-balance, or overwhelmed.

The relationship pattern in EUPD often follows cycles: intense closeness and idealisation followed by devaluation or perceived rejection. Both partners may need support — the person with EUPD for therapeutic work on emotional regulation, and their partner for psychoeducation, validation of their own experience, and self-care strategies.

The "Favourite Person" (FP) concept describes someone with whom a person with EUPD forms an intense emotional attachment. Brookglen Hospital describes it as a relationship marked by deep admiration, dependence, and fear of abandonment. The FP becomes a central figure in the person's emotional life, often absorbing much of their emotional energy and focus.

Talkspace notes that people with EUPD see their favourite person as someone they "can't live without" and may rely on them for emotional regulation. This intensity can be fulfilling for the FP at first, but may eventually feel overwhelming as expectations and emotional needs exceed what any single person can provide. Recognising this dynamic is an important part of DBT relationship skills work.

Individuals with EUPD may have a pattern of erratic employment, legal issues, suicide attempts, and difficulty maintaining relationships. Psychology Today notes that friendships, family relationships, and romantic relationships are all challenging — not because of a lack of desire for connection, but due to the impact of emotional dysregulation, impulsivity, and the splitting dynamic.

Reddit's BPD community describes specific friendship patterns: rapid over-sharing ("meeting someone and telling them your whole life story within days"), intense early attachment, difficulty tolerating perceived distance, and eventual rupture when the relationship feels unsafe. Understanding these patterns — rather than shaming them — is central to therapeutic progress.

Yes — research shows that BPD/EUPD symptoms often improve meaningfully with age, even without formal treatment. Verywell Mind reports that middle-aged adults with BPD were more likely to exhibit chronic emptiness and higher social impairment, but were less likely to engage in self-harm, have impulsivity, or have rapid mood shifts.

The most acute and crisis-driving symptoms — impulsivity, self-harm, and intense emotional storms — tend to decrease in intensity over time. The more trait-like features (emptiness, identity issues, difficulty with relationships) may persist longer. This underscores the importance of early intervention to address symptoms during the years they are most disruptive.

Many people with EUPD find it difficult to maintain jobs due to symptoms of instability and impulsivity. They can also find it difficult to keep up with everyday workplace tasks due to regular levels of distress and emotional dysregulation. However, this is not universal — with early intervention, the right treatment, and a supportive work environment, people with EUPD can build meaningful careers and contribute positively to their teams.

Workplace adjustments — such as flexible working, clear communication, and a psychologically safe team culture — can make a significant difference. Some find structured, creative, or helping professions a good fit for their strengths. The Equality Act 2010 may cover EUPD as a disability in the UK, entitling individuals to reasonable adjustments.

Lying is not an official symptom of EUPD according to ICD-10 or DSM-5-TR. However, people with EUPD may sometimes be dishonest due to fear of abandonment and intense emotions they cannot control. Verywell Mind explains that lying in EUPD is often rooted in anxiety — distorting reality to avoid a feared interpersonal outcome, not intentional deception.

Examples include minimising distress to avoid being seen as "too much," exaggerating to ensure care and attention, or denying self-harm to avoid hospitalisation. Relationship support, validation, and therapeutic work on honest communication are the most effective responses — not confrontation or punishment, which typically heightens the fear driving the behaviour.

Mind UK offers this guidance from people with EUPD themselves: "One thing I find helps is when others validate my emotions, as I often feel guilty for having them." Key principles include:

• Be patient — if your loved one is struggling to deal with their emotions, avoid arguments in the heat of the moment
• Don't judge — try to understand their emotional experience without evaluating it as right or wrong
• Be calm and consistent — predictability reduces the fear of abandonment that drives many EUPD behaviours
• Remind them of their positive traits — self-image in EUPD is fragile; reinforcing strengths matters
• Learn about EUPD — psychoeducation helps carers make sense of difficult behaviours

Borderline in the ACT recommends: "I can see that I've hurt you and I'm sorry." Do not tell people with EUPD how they should be feeling or behaving. Anger in people with EUPD may represent only one side of their feelings, which can rapidly reverse — so keeping this in mind can help avoid taking the anger personally.

Useful approaches during an episode of rage: stay calm, lower your voice, don't escalate, acknowledge their pain without necessarily agreeing with their account of events, avoid ultimatums, and do not threaten to leave (which activates abandonment fear). If there is immediate risk of harm, prioritise safety — call 999 or encourage them to call the Samaritans (116 123).

Yes — parents with EUPD love their children, often deeply. However, the condition can affect parenting. Choosing Therapy notes that parents with EUPD may oscillate between being overly attached or involved and being hostile or dismissive — and sometimes present as extraordinarily loving and attentive. Children may experience this inconsistency as confusing and emotionally destabilising.

With appropriate treatment and support — particularly DBT, which directly addresses emotional regulation — many parents with EUPD develop more consistent, nurturing parenting patterns. Early intervention is especially beneficial. If you were raised by a parent with EUPD, therapeutic support can help you process that experience and break intergenerational patterns.

People with EUPD have a strong fear of being left alone. Even though they want loving and lasting relationships, the fear of being abandoned often leads to mood swings, anger, impulsiveness, and self-injury that can push others away — creating the very abandonment they fear. Partners often describe this as an emotional roller coaster.

Mayo Clinic describes how EUPD presents in close relationships: intense initial connection, followed by volatility when the relationship faces any stress. The person with EUPD may not recognise the impact their behaviours have — and feel profound remorse afterwards. Couples therapy informed by DBT principles can help both partners navigate this dynamic.

No direct connection between EUPD/BPD and a higher likelihood of cheating has been established in research. Verywell Mind explains that impulsive behaviour — a core feature of EUPD — can sometimes lead to sexual preoccupation, casual sexual relationships, or risky sexual behaviour. But this is a symptom of impulsivity, not a deliberate betrayal of a partner.

Context matters: many with EUPD are deeply loyal to their partner (especially their "favourite person"). Infidelity, where it does occur, is more likely linked to dissociation, a sense of emptiness seeking relief, or impulsivity during a crisis — rather than intentional dishonesty. Addressing impulsivity through DBT and building relationship stability through therapy are the most effective approaches.

People with EUPD often have remarkable strengths that can be overlooked. Eggshell Therapy writes: "Someone with BPD often loves in a way that transcends conventional definitions. Since they know what it is like to be atypical, they know how to embrace the uniqueness of each person. They can often see beyond the surface, connect with others on a soul level, and appreciate the inner beauty that lies within."

Common strengths associated with EUPD include: deep empathy and emotional attunement, intense passion and creativity, loyalty when in a stable period, resilience built through adversity, and the ability to form profound connections. DBT and recovery focus helps people channel these strengths while managing the symptoms that cause distress.

If you or someone you care for is in crisis with EUPD, here are UK resources:

• Emergency: Call 999 if there is immediate risk to life
• NHS 111: Call 111 and select option 2 for urgent mental health support
• Samaritans: Call 116 123 (free, 24/7) — available for emotional distress, not just suicidal crisis
• Mind: BPD information and support
• EUPD UK (community support): Peer-led communities exist on social media and via local Mind branches
• NHS referral: Speak to your GP about a referral to a Community Mental Health Team (CMHT) or specialist personality disorder service